INTRODUCTION iii

I. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION

A. Radiological Safety Organization I-1
B. Radiation Safety and Hazardous Materials Committee I-1
C. Application Review Subcommittee I-2
D. Radiation Safety Officer I-3
E. Authorized Users I-4

II. APPLICATION FOR USE OF SOURCES OF RADIATION

A. General II-1
B. Application for Use of Radioactive Material II-1
C. Application for Use of Radiation Producing Machines II-1
D. Authorization to Use Sources of Radiation II-2
E. Approval of Facilities Where Sources of Radiation Will Be Used II-3

III. PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL AGAINST RADIATION HAZARDS

A. General III-1
B. Training of Radiation Workers III-1
C. Minimization of Radiation Exposure and Dose
Monitoring for Radiation Workers III-1
D. Minimization of Radiation Exposure to Non-Radiation Workers III-1
E. Protection of Maintenance and Construction
Workers from Radiation Hazards III-2
F. Protection of Custodial Personnel from Radiation Hazards III-2
G. Protection of Animal Caretakers from Radiation Hazards III-2

IV. PROCEDURES

A. Procurement and Receipt of Radioactive Material IV-1
B. Storage of Radioactive Material IV-1
C. Security of Sources of Radiation IV-1
D. Caution Signs and Labels IV-2
E. Waste Disposal IV-2
F. Contamination Control IV-3
G. Area Surveys IV-4
H. Sealed Source Leak Testing and Inventory IV-5
I. Survey Instrument Calibration IV-5
J. Required Postings for Radioactive Materials Laboratories IV-5

V. RECORD KEEPING

A. Instrument Calibrations V-1
B. Procurement and Shipment Records V-1
C. Inventory of Radioactive Materials V-1
D. Liquid Waste Disposal and Unrestricted Releases V-1
E. Solid Waste Disposal V-2
F. Gaseous Waste Disposal through Hoods V-2
G. Survey Records V-2
H. Sealed Source Leak Test Results V-2
I. Personnel Exposures V-2

VI. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

A. Treatment for Contaminated Accident Victims VI-1
B. Required Posting of Laboratory Procedures for Radioactive
Spills, Fires and/or Explosions VI-1

STANDARD PRACTICES

1. Radiation Safety Training for Individuals Working with or Exposed to
Sources of Ionizing Radiation SP RSP 1
2. Radiation Monitoring Requirements and Dose Limits SP RSP 2
3. Security of Sources of Radiation SP RSP 3
4. Procurement and Receipt of Radioactive Material SP RSP 4
5. Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal SP RSP 5
6. Radioisotope Fume Hood Use SP RSP 6
7. Testing and Maintenance of Radioisotope Fume Hoods SP RSP 7


APPENDICES

A Forms
B Regulatory Guide 8.13: "Instructions Concerning Prenatal Radiation Exposure"
C Rules of Thumb
D Information for Laboratory Classification
E Selected Decay Corrections
F Copy of UND's Radioactive Material License, for information only
G Chapters 04.1 and 10 of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules
RADIATION SAFETY HANDBOOK

INTRODUCTION

This handbook is designed to provide guidance and to regulate the activities of those who are working with ionizing radiation and radioactive materials, for self protection, for the protection of others, and for the protection of University property. The term "radiation" as it appears in this handbook refers to ionizing radiation. The use of non-ionizing sources of radiation (lasers, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves) is outside the scope of this handbook. The policies in this handbook apply to all radioactive materials and radiation-producing machines, whether or not they are regulated by the Federal or State Government. It extends to materials regardless of origin (reactor, accelerator, naturally-occurring, etc.).

With safety guides specific to their needs, many individuals at the University have been safely engaged in research and teaching using radiation. This general Radiation Safety Handbook incorporated many of these specific guides. The handbook describes the organization of the Radiation Safety Program and levels of responsibility at the University; it specifies regulations, policies, procedures and practices which are to be followed in using radiation and describes procedures to be followed in case of emergencies. Primary responsibility for radiation safety rests with the individuals who are conducting the experiments or operating the equipment. Promulgation of the handbook in no way relieves individuals of this responsibility.

Since this handbook is referenced in the license issued, it governs all users of radioactive material at all locations under the jurisdiction of the University of North Dakota.

The University is subject to periodic inspection by the North Dakota State Department of Health to ensure that all requirements of the license are being met. These inspections are very thorough and include evidence that the records described in this handbook are being maintained. Violations of license requirements can result in a loss of the user's authorization to use sources of radiation. APPENDIX A contains a collection of forms which may be used by research personnel for record keeping and submission of information to the Safety Office. If these forms are not used, the records must contain the equivalent information. Other necessary records for which there are no forms must be kept by each researcher according to the regulations in this handbook.



I. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ORGANIZATION

A. Radiological Safety Organization

Radiation Safety and Hazardous Materials Committee
Radiation Safety Officer
Authorized Users

B. Radiation Safety and Hazardous Materials Committee

The Radiation Safety Committee (hereafter called "Committee") has been established by the University with the following membership, functions, method of convening, and reporting duties.

1. Committee Membership

The Committee is appointed by the President of the University from recommendations submitted by the University Faculty Senate. The Committee consists of 11 voting and 2 non-voting, ex-officio members as follows:

a. Radiation Safety Officer (RSO), ex-officio.
b. Director of the Office of Research and Program Development (ORPD), ex-officio.
c. A representative of Facilities.
d. A representative of the Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department.
e. A representative of the Biology Department.
f. A representative of the Chemistry Department.
g. A representative of the College of Engineering.
h. A representative of the Microbiology & Immunology Department.
i. A representative of the Pharmacology, Physiology, & Therapeutics Department.
j. A representative of the Physics Department.
k. In addition to the specified Department and College representatives (d-j), three at-large representatives will be nominated by the University Faculty Senate.

Members will serve three year terms. There will be Committee, Senate and Departmental review of the departmental representation every year. Departments are asked to make a nomination of their representative to the Faculty Senate Committee on Committees. The Chairman of the Committee will be selected from one of the representatives from the department or college listed in d-k above. The Committee may request funds from the Office of Research and Program Development to employ consultants as required to assist in its duties and deliberations.

2. Committee Functions

The function of the Committee is to ensure compliance with all federal, state, and University regulations and policies as follows:

a. Administering the University's Type A broad scope radioactive material license.

b. Considering in advance and approving (or disapproving) the production, procurement, use, and ultimate disposal of radioactive materials and radiation producing machines at the University from the standpoint of radiological safety.

c. Prescribing special conditions and regulations such as physical examinations, additional training, designation of location of use, disposal methods, accountability, etc. as necessary for use and control of radioisotopes and radiation producing instruments.

d. Reviewing the qualifications of persons applying for permission to use radioactive materials and radiation producing machines and approving or denying applications for experiments.

e. Overseeing the maintenance of records of actions approving or disapproving the use of radioisotopes and of other transactions, communications, and reports.

f. Receiving reports from the Radiation Safety Officer and auditing his records.

g. Overseeing the procedures for maintenance of records, for performing physical inventories, and for radiation surveys of radioactive materials and radiation producing machines at the University.

h. Recommending appropriate action to the President of the University for an individual who fails to observe safety recommendations, rules, or regulations when using radioisotopes or radiation producing devices.

i. Conducting an annual review of the entire radiation safety program, including records required to be maintained, possible improvements to the safety program, and changes to the Radiation Safety Handbook.

3. Convening of the Committee

The Committee will meet at least once each calendar quarter, but can meet as often as required, to discharge its responsibilities. Meetings will be called by the Chairman to process pending applications, review reports, or at the request of the Radiation Safety Officer. Binding Committee decisions will require the presence of a simple majority of its voting members and must include the Radiation Safety Officer, the Committee Chairperson or Vice Chairperson, and the Director of the Office of Research and Program Development or an assigned designee. Committee deliberations will be informal, but will follow the Roberts' Rules of Order if so requested by a member. Minutes of all Committee meetings will be maintained by the RSO.

4. Reporting

The Committee will report directly to the University Administration. The RSO will prepare an annual report which will be forwarded to the President through the committee chairman.

C. Application Review Subcommittee

The Radiation Safety Committee has delegated the responsibility for the initial review of the qualifications of applicants and the review of the radiation hazards associated with a proposed experiment to an Application Review Subcommittee consisting of the Radiation Safety Officer and at least one member of the Radiation Safety Committee chosen by the Committee Chairperson or Vice Chairperson. The Committee Member(s) will be chosen based on the nature of the requested authorization. The subcommittee possesses the authority to temporarily approve applications until the next Committee meeting if (a) the applicant appears to possess the necessary training and experience to use the requested radioactive material or radiation producing machine, (b) an application of similar nature has already been approved by the Committee, and (c) the application falls within approved guidelines set down by the Committee, or (d) the radioisotope quantities requested by the applicant are less than or equal to ten times those given in chapter 33-10-03, Schedule A and B of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules. All other proposals, all final approvals, and all disapprovals must be made by the full Committee. The Radiation Safety Officer will maintain minutes of the subcommittee's deliberations and report these at the next scheduled meeting of the Radiation Safety Committee.

D. Radiation Safety Officer

Primary responsibility for radiation safety rests with the individuals utilizing radiation. The Radiation Safety Officer has the responsibility of administering the radiation safety program. The RSO will provide consulting services on all aspects of radiation to University faculty and staff. The RSO will assure that all activities involving radiation sources are conducted according to the policies and procedures established by the Committee and by all governmental regulations. The RSO has the authority to stop any operation which may endanger health or lead to serious contamination problems and to promptly present details of the operation to the Committee for final disposition. The RSO reports to the Administration of the University through the Vice President for Finance and Operations.

l. RSO Duties

It will be the responsibility of the RSO to assure that the following items are accomplished and proper records kept:

a. Calibration of survey and monitoring equipment.

b. Completion of radiation surveys in the vicinity of radioactive sources and radiation producing machines.

c. Completion of contamination control surveys at all locations where radioisotopes are used or stored.

d. Leak testing of sealed sources of radioactive material.

e. Inspection of facilities and equipment where radioactive materials and machines are used.
f. Review of all requisitions for the procurement of radioactive materials or radiation producing machines.

g. Management of the waste disposal service.

h. Coordinating a University-wide film badge service and maintaining personnel exposure records.

i. Preparation of an annual report for the Committee.

j. With the advice and approval of the Committee, preparation and maintenance of the Radiation Safety Handbook.

k. Minutes of meetings of the Radiation Safety Committee. 2. Training

Periodically the RSO will arrange for training and orientation lectures for personnel on the proper procedures for the use of radioactive materials. These lectures may be used to supplement on-the-job-training or formal course work.. All individuals who may be exposed to radiation must meet the training requirements contained in the Safety & Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 1, "Radiation Safety Training for Individuals Working with or Exposed to Sources of Ionizing Radiation."

E. Authorized Users

Authorized Users are responsible for establishing safe working conditions and work practices in the areas where sources of radiation are present.

II. APPLICATION FOR USE OF SOURCES OF RADIATION

A. General

The primary concern of the Committee is radiation safety and control. The RSO is available for consultation during the planning and execution of experiments. The RSO will receive and perform the initial review of all applications for the use of radioactive materials and radiation producing machines at the University. If the application meets the criteria allowing for temporary review, the application will be reviewed by the Application Review Subcommittee. Final review of all applications will be performed by the full Committee.

Only in special cases will non-members of the University be authorized as users. Persons who are not specifically authorized, such as graduate students, technicians, post doctoral and others, may use sources of radiation only under the supervision of the faculty or staff members so authorized. Those seeking authorization must be familiar with the requirements of this handbook. No applications that seek approval for use of radioisotopes in humans will be considered by the Committee until the proposed use has been reviewed and approved in writing by the Radioactive Drug Research Committee and, where applicable, the University's Institutional Review Board. The Application Review Subcommittee will not grant temporary approval of any proposals for human use.

B. Application for Use of Radioactive Material

Individuals wishing to obtain authorization to use radioactive material will submit their applications to the Committee through the Radiation Safety Officer. The Applications Review Subcommittee and the Committee will consider and evaluate the following items in reviewing the application for the use of radioactive material:

Radioactive Material to Be Used
Proposed Use of Radioactive Material and Byproduct Material
Qualifications of The User
Available Radiation Detection Instruments
Available Laboratory Facilities
Personnel Monitoring Procedures and Radiation Protection Program
Waste Disposal Techniques
Emergency Plan

Form UND-RSP-1 includes line by line instructions to help ensure that all pertinent information is included with the initial application. Additional information may be requested from the applicant at any time during the review process.

C. Application for Use of Radiation Producing Machines

Individuals wishing of obtain authorization for use of x-ray machines, electron microscopes, accelerators, or any device which operates at sufficient voltage to produce ionizing radiation will submit their applications to the Committee through the Radiation Safety Officer. The Applications Review Subcommittee and the Committee will consider and evaluate the following items in reviewing the application for the use of radiation producing machines:

Type of Machine to Be Used
Proposed Use of the Radiation Producing Machine
Qualifications of The User
Available Facilities and Safety Equipment Including Interlocks
Personnel Monitoring Procedures and Radiation Protection Program

Form UND-RSP-2 includes line by line instructions to help ensure that all pertinent information is included with the initial application. Additional information may be requested from the applicant at any time during the review process.

D. Authorization to Use Sources of Radiation

If the Committee determines that the training, facilities and safety precautions are adequate for the amount and kinds of sources of radiation which have been requested, a formal written authorization to use the source of radiation will be issued. The letter of authorization must be kept on file by the authorized user. Authorization must be received before an individual purchases or receives radioactive materials. After tentative Committee approval of an application for a radiation producing machine, the applicant may procure the device. A radiation survey will be done by the RSO when the device is operable. Only after determination that the device can be used safely will the authorization be finalized.

l. Conditions of Authorization

a. An authorization is given a nominal term of one year only.

b. The authorization is granted for the use of sources of radiation in the specific amounts and/or on specific radiation producing machines.

c. The authorization is granted for the use of sources of radiation in the specific programs outlined in the application. Authorization to use radioactive materials is subject to full compliance with any additional conditions required by the Committee, the University of North Dakota Radiation Safety Handbook, and the North Dakota State Department of Health Radiological Health Regulations, 33-10-0l through 33-10-11.

d. Changes in the location of use or changes in the program which significantly increase the health hazard must have prior approval of the Committee.

e. The authorized users must provide appropriate training in the techniques and radiation safety measures used in their particular program to persons working under their supervision. The authorized user must ensure that these persons are cognizant of the radiation hazards associated with their activities, informing them of the regulations in this handbook and any specific emergency instructions.

f. If an authorized user leaves the employ of the University, all sources of radiation must be properly disposed of or transferred. 2. Amendment to Authorization

If the authorized user wishes to use sources of radiation different from those for which authorization is given, if the user wishes to increase the possession limit of a radioisotope, or if the user wishes to change experimental conditions, an amendment to the current authorization must be obtained. Requests for an amendment must be directed to the Committee in the form of a letter submitted to the Radiation Safety Officer.

3. Renewal of Authorizations

An authorization will normally expire on March 31 of each year (unless stipulated otherwise in the authorization). Application for renewal must be submitted at least 30 days prior to the expiration date. The RSO will remind authorized users of their expiration date by sending out application forms at least one month before authorization expires.

E. Approval of Facilities Where Sources of Radiation Will Be Used

The design and furnishings of a laboratory must be commensurate with the hazards presented by the radioisotope and its conditions of use. Each laboratory must be evaluated individually by the Committee in light of its intended use. Prior to the construction stage, all plans for new facilities in which radioactive materials or radiation producing machines are to be used should be submitted in duplicate to the Radiation Safety Officer for Committee approval.

In practical terms, some possible requirements are that:

l. Bench tops or other surfaces on which radioisotopes will be used must be stainless steel or covered with an impervious surface.

2. Floors must be covered with an impervious material - properly waxed, vinyl asbestos tiles are normally acceptable.

3. Walls must present a smooth surface, and be free of cracks and holes.

4. Proper room ventilation and adequate radioisotope storage must be provided.

III. PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL AGAINST RADIATION HAZARDS

A. General

Rules and regulations for protection against radiation hazards are established by the North Dakota State Department of Health and are contained primarily in Chapter 33-10-04.1, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules.

B. Training of Radiation Workers

A radiation worker is any individual who's assigned duties or research interests involve the use of radioactive material or radiation producing machines controlled under the authorization of the University's radioactive material license or radiation producing machine registrations. All radiation workers must comply with the training requirements in the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 1, "Radiation Safety Training for Individuals Working with or Exposed to Sources of Ionizing Radiation."

C. Minimization of Radiation Exposure and Dose Monitoring for Radiation Workers

1. The principle of maintaining radiation dose As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) will be strictly adhered to whenever there is a possibility of exposure to radiation.

2. Monitoring dose of exposed radiation workers will be in accordance with the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 2, "Radiation Monitoring Requirements and Dose Limits." The Standard Practice also lists the regulatory dose limits.

3. Female Radiation Workers: All female radiation workers must receive special instructions in "Possible Health Risks to Children of Women Who are Exposed to Radiation During Pregnancy". This instruction may be performed by a review with the worker of the contents of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guide No. 8.13 which is reproduced in APPENDIX B. After these instructions have been given, Form UND-RSP-8 must be completed, signed by the worker, and sent to the RSO. A female radiation worker has the option of voluntarily informing the University, in writing, of a pregnancy along with the estimated date of conception. The University must ensure that declared pregnant females do not exceed 500 millirem dose over the course of the pregnancy, or more than 50 millirem in any one month. Pregnant females that do not declare themselves pregnant will be treated as if they are not pregnant.

D. Minimization of Radiation Exposure to Non-Radiation Workers

1. The University will not possess or use radiation sources in a manner that could cause a non-radiation worker to receive a dose greater than 100 millirem in any one year period (except for medical treatment or diagnostics).

2. Persons visiting a facility where radioactive materials or radiation-producing equipment are used must be escorted by the user of the facility or someone under the user's supervision. Personnel monitoring devices will be used if radiation levels are such that the visitor could receive a dose in excess of 2 millirems in one hour or if film badges or dosimeters are normally required for that area.

3. External Radiation Exposure: No user shall possess, use, or transfer materials or use machines in such a manner as to create in any unrestricted area, a radiation level, which, assuming conservative occupancy assumptions, could result in a dose of 2 millirem in any one hour or 100 millirem in any period of one calendar year. Retrofit is not necessary for location where only radiation machines existed prior to January 1, 1994, and result in 500 millirem or less in any one year period. An unrestricted area means any area in which entry is not controlled by the user and any area used for study or residential quarters.

4. Concentrations in Effluents to Unrestricted Areas: No user shall possess, use, or transfer materials in such a manner as to release to the air or water in any unrestricted area any concentration of radioactive material in excess of the limits specified in Appendix B, Table II, of 33-10-04.1 of the North Dakota Department of Health's Rules. With the agreement of the Committee, concentrations may be averaged over periods not greater than one year and must be made at the point where the material leaves the restricted area. If the material is discharged from a stack or pipe, determinations may be made at the point where the material leaves the conduit.

E. Protection of Maintenance and Construction Workers from Radiation Hazards

Requests for maintenance or construction work in areas involving radiation or contamination must be clearly identified. The Safety Office should be notified of the Work Order or request and the request should list the Safety Office as a contact. At no time shall servicing personnel be permitted to work on equipment in radiation areas without the presence of a member of the laboratory staff to provide specific instructions. These staff members must also familiarize workers with all required precautions including wearing of personnel monitoring devices. Maintenance workers who may be exposed to sources of radiation must comply with the training requirements in the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 1, "Radiation Safety Training for Individuals Working with or Exposed to Sources of Ionizing Radiation."

F. Protection of Custodial Personnel from Radiation Hazards

Custodial workers who may be exposed to sources of radiation must comply with the training requirements in the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 1, "Radiation Safety Training for Individuals Working with or Exposed to Sources of Ionizing Radiation."

G. Protection of Animal Caretakers from Radiation Hazards

Personnel caring for animals containing radioactive material should be given the instructions approved by the Committee concerning the handling of animals, waste, carcasses and the cleaning and decontaminating of animal cages. A copy of the instructions signed by the animal caretaker, must be forwarded to the RSO.



IV. PROCEDURES

A. Procurement and Receipt of Radioactive Material

Procedures for the ordering, transferring, or otherwise obtaining and receiving radioactive material are contained in the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 4, "Procurement and Receipt of Radioactive Material.

B. Storage of Radioactive Material

All radioactive materials must be clearly labeled with radioactive labels at all times giving pertinent and accurate information about the contents as well as identifying the person who is responsible for the material. Storage is permitted only in those areas identified and approved in the application to use isotopes or its amendments. Storage enclosure, such as refrigerators or cabinets will have standard radiation warning labels affixed to the outside of the enclosure as well as the containers within the enclosure.

l. Storage of Radioactive Solids and Liquids

a. Permanent Storage Locations

Permanent storage locations shall be those designated in the application. They shall be protected from entrance by unauthorized personnel by means of locks, safes, or physical barriers and conspicuously posted with official radioactive signs. Barriers surrounding the area shall be placed to restricted to entry at all points where the radiation intensity is greater than 2.0 millirem per hour. Storage areas must not produce more than 0.05 millirem per hour in unrestricted areas.

b. Temporary Storage Locations

Temporary storage of radioactive materials is the responsibility of the individual to whom the material was issued. Temporary storage locations shall be identified by official radiation tags or signs indicating the radiation characteristics, the actual physical location of the material and precautions to be taken.

c. Storage of Unneeded Radioactive Materials

The number of unneeded sources in storage should be kept at a minimum. If no use can be seen for a moderately priced material, disposal of the material should be made. The RSO will select and maintain an appropriate room for the storage of unneeded radioactive materials. Arrangements for storing of materials in the room should be made by contacting the RSO.

C. Security of Sources of Radiation

1. Radioactive material and radiation producing machines must be kept secure from loss or theft. The Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 3, "Security of Sources of Radiation" must be complied with at all times.

2. Loss or Theft of Radioactive Materials: The authorized user shall immediately contact the RSO after the loss or theft of radioactive material becomes known. Any appropriate reports to the North Dakota State Department of Health will then be made by the Radiation Safety Officer.
D. Caution Signs and Labels

1. All signs and labels will use the conventional radiation caution colors consisting of purple or magenta on a yellow background. The only symbol to be used is the conventional three-blade design. Areas to be posted are: all radiation areas, rooms containing radioactive materials and/or machines, and shipping and storage containers. Signs shall be conspicuously posted, bear the radiation caution symbol and the appropriate words:

a. Caution: Radiation Area
b. Caution: High Radiation Area
c. Caution: Airborne Radioactivity Area
d. Caution: Radioactive Materials

2. Definition of Areas Requiring Signs

a. Radiation Area: A radiation area is any area accessible to personnel in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive a dose equivalent in excess of 5 millirem in any one hour (measured at least 30 cm from any surface).

b. High Radiation Areas: A high radiation area means any area accessible to personnel in which there exists sufficient radiation to produce a dose rate to a major portion of the body in excess of 100 millirem per hour (measured at least 30 cm from any surface). Each entrance or access point to a high radiation area will comply with 33-10-04.1-10.1 of the North Dakota Department of Health's Rules.

c. Airborne Radioactivity Area: An airborne radioactivity area is any area in which airborne radioactive materials exist in concentrations in excess of the derived air concentrations (DACs) specified in Appendix B, Table I of 33-10-04.1 of the North Dakota Department of Health's Rules, or to such a degree that an individual could exceed an intake of 0.6% of the annual limit on intake (ALI)specified in Appendix B, Table I of 33-10-04.1 of the North Dakota Department of Health's Rules in one week of normal occupancy without a respirator.

d. Radioactive Material Areas and Containers: Each area or room in which radioactive material is used or stored in any amount shall be conspicuously posted with a sign bearing the standard radiation symbol and the words "Caution Radioactive Materials". Radioisotope containers shall also state the isotope's name, activity, and assay date (date of measurement of the activity).

3. Required Labeling of Machines

All radiation producing machines will be labeled in such a manner which cautions individuals that the device produces ionizing radiation.

E. Waste Disposal

Radioactive waste must be collected, stored, and disposed of in accordance with the Safety and Environmental Health Office's Standard Practice RSP 5, "Radioactive Waste Management and Disposal."

F. Contamination Control

The information presented in APPENDIX D is a guide to the degree of protection required for handling various quantities of the more common radionuclides and their associated contamination hazards. The estimated relative hazards of radionuclides are based on their physical properties and their maximum permissible concentrations in air and water.

1. Definitions

Radioactive contamination is the deposition of radioactive material in any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may be harmful. The harm may be in invalidating an experiment or a procedure, or in actually being a source of excessive exposure to personnel.

A wipe test or "smear" is a procedure used to determine the presence of contamination and whether or not the contaminant is likely to rub off. A smear is made by rubbing a one square inch piece of absorbent tissue or filter paper over an area of 36 square inches and counting it with appropriate instrumentation. The tissue or filter paper may be moistened.

2. Maximum Permissible Values for Non-removable Beta-Gamma Surface Contamination

As a general guide, the maximum permissible level for beta gamma contamination as measured with a thin window G.M. detector at the surface of the contaminated object shall be 0.1 millirad/hr (approximately 100 cpm of gamma activity) for hazard groups 1 and 2 and 1 millirad/hr (approximately 1000 cpm of gamma activity) for hazard groups 3 and 4. These levels represent levels of residual activity after decontamination efforts have been made.

3. Contamination Control and Prevention Techniques

Contamination of areas, equipment and personnel should be minimized by the proper use of hoods, glove boxes, protective clothing, gloves, stainless steel trays, absorbent paper and surface coverings. Contaminated areas should be well marked.

4. Decontamination

Users who cause the contamination of areas, floors, equipment, etc. shall be responsible for necessary decontamination procedures and for the steps necessary to prevent the spread of contamination. Such procedures may involve restriction of access, vacuum cleaning, washing, disposal of equipment as radioactive waste, painting and resurfacing to cover alpha contamination, smear tests, surveys, and monitoring. Decontamination will not be considered complete until so specified by the RSO. In the case of personnel contamination, the contaminated person should immediately, gently wash the affected area with mild soap and luke warm water. Indiscriminate washing of other than affected parts may spread contamination. Care must always be used to avoid abrading the skin. If residue contamination remains after washing, the RSO shall be consulted to insure proper decontamination procedures.

Laboratory surfaces, equipment, and glassware are considered to be contaminated if smears after rinsing indicate removable activity twice above background levels.

Decontamination procedures are described in detail in NCRP Handbook No. 8, "Control and Removal of Radioactive Contamination in Laboratories". Handbooks of specific decontamination instructions are available to all radioisotope laboratories from the RSO.

5. Vacating Work Areas

As soon as a user vacates an area where radioactive materials have been used, the RSO shall be notified and a termination survey will be conducted. Radiation signs must not be removed from the room door until the RSO reviews the survey reports and concurs that a radiation hazard no longer exists.

G. Area Surveys

A survey is an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation under a specific set of conditions. Such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and machines and, where appropriate, measurements of levels of radiation obtained by using the appropriate counting techniques or concentrations of radioactive material present. A log record should be maintained of these surveys including results which are completely negative. Users are reminded that even if radioisotopes are not being used, but are still stored in the laboratory, periodic surveys must still be performed at a frequency corresponding to the classification of the Laboratory when it is considered as a storage facility (SEE APPENDIX D). The survey report should reference that no use of radioisotopes occurred since the previous report, and if appropriate, a meter survey or wipe test might be performed on the stored isotopes.

1. Work Areas: Each user will do surveys to enable him to comply with these regulations and the conditions of his authorizations. Where appropriate, these surveys should include smear tests (Section VI C.1.). Within specific areas of the laboratory, where radioisotopes are used, radiation surveys are to be made after each experimental run or at the end of each day when radioisotopes are used in order to determine the extent of radioactive contamination and to ascertain that all waste and stock material has been properly disposed or stored.

The following table gives the minimum frequency of survey and smear tests for the entire laboratory during the period in which radioisotopes are used in the laboratory.

Laboratory Minimum Survey
Classification Frequency

High Weekly
Medium Every two weeks
Low Monthly

The table presented in APPENDIX D gives the procedures to be used in determining the classification of a given laboratory where isotopes are being used. The above frequencies are for normal quantities and procedures used by researchers. The RSO will notify a user if the Committee determines that the quantities and procedures warrant more frequent surveys. The results of wipe tests and/or meter surveys will be permanently recorded. Background will also be recorded. Form UND-RSP-11 (APPENDIX A) may be used and the results will be forwarded to the RSO as soon as possible after the results are recorded. The RSO or his staff will conduct a special survey every six months.

2. X-Ray Machines and Electron Microscopes: A survey using appropriate instruments will be performed around every x-ray machine and electron microscope whenever changes in the experimental arrangement is made. In addition, periodic surveys by the RSO will be performed.

H. Sealed Source Leak Testing and Inventory

The definition of a sealed source not only includes radioactive materials encased within a high integrity capsule, but also radioactive materials incorporated into a solid matrix (for example, foils).

1. Sealed sources containing radioactive material must be tested for leakage and/or contamination at intervals not to exceed six months unless:

a. The source is hydrogen-3, has a half life less than thirty days, is in the form of a gas, is designed to emit alpha particles, or contains 100 microcuries or less of beta and/or gamma emitting material or 10 microcuries or less of alpha emitting material.

b. The source is in storage or not being used. Stored sources must be leak tested at intervals not to exceed 3 years. Stored sources must be leak tested within 6 months of being placed back in service or transferred.

2. Leak tests will be performed by the RSO or designee in compliance with UND's radioactive material license condition number 13 and section 33-10-04.1-08, "Testing for Leakage or Contamination of Sealed Sources" of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules.

3. A physical inventory will be conducted every three months to account for all sealed sources received and possessed under the radioactive material license.

I. Survey Instrument Calibration

Survey instruments, if required, (i.e. GM meters, neutron meters, ionization survey meters) must be calibrated every 12 months during the time of use of hard beta, gamma, and neutron emitters. The RSO will notify the radioisotope user when a survey instrument needs calibrating. The user is to have the instrument calibrated and return a certification of calibration to the RSO by the date specified by the RSO. Alternatively the instrument can be forwarded to the RSO with the appropriate Instruction or Technical Manual and the RSO will arrange for calibration. Form UND-RSP-13 may be used to report instrument calibration results.

J. Required Postings for Radioactive Materials Laboratories

1. Laboratory Safety Requirements/Radioactive Material Safety Requirements

The Laboratory Safety Requirements and Radioactive Material Safety Requirements posters must be posted in each room where radioactive materials are used. (Posters are reproduced on pages IV-6 and IV-7)

2. Notices to Workers

The notice on page IV-8 must be clearly visible in every laboratory where radioactive materials are used along with a North Dakota Department of Health's Notice to Employees, SFN 8414. A copy of the SFN 8414 form current at the time of printing of this Handbook, is reproduced on page IV-9. Current copies are available from the RSO. University of North Dakota


Laboratory Safety Requirements

Avoid underestimating risk, and never leave an experiment unattended when hazards are present.

Exposure should be minimized, even for substances of no known significant hazard. For work with substances which present special hazards, special precautions such as the use of engineering controls and personal protective equipment should be taken.

Be certain that ventilation is adequate. The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the working atmosphere by use of fume hoods and other ventilation devices.

Provisions should be made for the monitoring of hazardous material work areas in order to maintain exposures below the applicable Permissible Exposure Levels. Consult the UND OSEH Office for any questions regarding air monitoring.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are documents which inform the user of the specific hazards involved in the handling of a chemical. It is required that a chemical manufacturer or importer have an MSDS for each chemical. The MSDS should be sent with each order. The MSDS must be readily available and accessible for review by any employee, as a source document, to provide the necessary information during any work day. A copy of the MSDS is to be forwarded to the OSEH office.

As indicated on the MSDS. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), should be provided by the department, for those who work with hazardous chemical. Persons must be trained for the proper use of their appropriate PPE. Safety glasses are required in all laboratories. In addition, contact lenses should never be worn in the lab. Other protective equipment includes, but is not limited to: gloves, lab coats, ear protection hard hats, rubber boots, respirators, and goggles.

When working with hazardous chemicals care must be taken to ensure that chemicals are not ingested. There is to be no eating, drinking, smoking, or application of makeup in the lab.

Consider personal hygiene at all times. Gloves should be removed before handling items such as phones, computers, writing instruments, etc. Any clothing , such as lab coats, which have come in contact with chemicals, should be washed separately from other laundry. Long hair should be confined, and loose clothing and jewelry should be avoided. It is a good practice to always wash your hands before leaving the lab.

Never keep or store foods or beverages in laboratories or in refrigerators located inside any laboratory. This also include food utensils.

Pipetting any liquid (even water) should never be done by mouth.

All chemical containers must be properly labeled with their exact contents. The label should also include the specific hazard(s) of the chemical. When a chemical is transferred from its original container to another, the new container must be labeled, if it is to be left unattended during the day or at the end of a shift.

All chemicals should be stored according to the specific hazards of the chemical. UND is using the following color coding system: BLUE--for health hazard; RED--for flammable hazard; YELLOW--for reactivity hazard; WHITE--for contact hazard; and GREEN--for low or no hazard. Group chemicals with similar color coding together. For example, flammable solvents should be marked with a red label, and quantities over ten gallons should be stored in a flammable liquid storage cabinet.

When a department is ready to dispose a chemical, the generator of the waste should fill out a Waste Disposal Form/Manifest, form CHEM-1, and forward it to the OSEH Office. The generator of the chemical waste must ensure that each material is correctly labeled, and is in a proper container for handling and transporting in accordance with the University's Management and Disposal of Hazardous and Chemical Wasted Guidebook. Never dispose of any materials down the sewer.

All labs using hazardous chemicals should have functioning and accessible emergency shower and eye wash stations.

If you have any questions or would like more
information, Please call the SEH Office:
777-3341, 8:00 am to 4:30 pm, Mon.-Fri.
University of North Dakota

Radioactive Material Safety Requirements

No unnecessary materials are to be brought into the isotope laboratories and no unnecessary non-isotope work is to be done there.

No person should work with radioactive materials if he/she has an open cut below the wrist without having the wound covered adequately with a waterproof material. Broken glassware shall not be used in the laboratory. All sharp edges must be fire-polished before use.

Disposable gloves should be worn whenever hand contamination is likely. Lab coats should be worn in the laboratory and left in the laboratory. They shall not be used for other work, sent to another area, or released for cleaning until demonstrated to be free of contamination.

Film badges shall be worn in designated areas.

Materials which could become airborne must be stored and used in a fume hood approved for use with radioisotopes.

Movement of liquid radioactive material shall be done in such a manner as to prevent spills. Solutions should be handled on carts or trays on absorbent paper which can be readily disposed of when contaminated.

Do not return contaminated equipment to storage shelves or drawers not intended for contaminated materials.

To prevent the shattering of vials, care must be taken to prevent over tightening.

No one shall cause himself or other personnel to be exposed to unnecessary radiation. Time, distance and shielding protective measures should be used to keep radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

Label radioactive material containers with your name, date, isotopes and activity of isotopes. All radioactive material must have a visible yellow and magenta radioactive material label.

If, in the course of work, personal contamination is suspected, a survey with a suitable instrument should be made immediately. Hands and clothing shall be checked frequently during the course of the work with radioactive materials to prevent the spread of contamination and to minimize the possibility of ingestion.

All radioactive wastes and contaminated material shall be placed in the proper labeled radioactive waste containers. No radioactive material shall be placed in the regular waste cans.

No radioactive waste shall be placed into the sewer system without authorization from the Committee.

Monitor and decontaminate equipment, working areas and yourself at the end of each work period before leaving the laboratory. Report all contamination to your supervisor.

Monthly survey smear reports (form UND RSP-11) representing a clean lab, should be completed by the radioactive material user and returned to the OSEH office. This insures that no radioactive contamination is present in the lab.

If you have any questions or would like more
information, Please call the SEH Office:
777-3341, 8:00 am to 4:30 pm, Mon.-Fri. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA

NOTICE
The North Dakota Radiological Health Rules require that the following documents be made available to you

RADIATION SAFETY DOCUMENTS
FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS LICENSEES
__________________________________________ Has been authorized by the Radiation Safety Committee to use radioactive material in this laboratory. The individual named above has a copy of the University's Radiation Safety Handbook and Chapters 33-10-04.1 "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" and 33-10-10 "Notices, Instructions, and Reports to Workers -- Inspections" of the North Dakota Department of Health's Radiological Health Rules. The Handbook and rules contain specific requirements that must be met when working with radioactive material. The Individual named above also has a copy of the formal authorization by the committee describing the special conditions under which radiation work must be conducted.

The University Radiation Safety Officer maintains on file the license from the North Dakota Department of Health with all documents and supporting material incorporated into the license by reference. The license contains specific conditions, policies and procedures that the University has committed to follow in order to use radioactive material safely and to comply with State regulations.

The Radiation Safety Officer also maintains on file a complete copy of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules (North Dakota Administrative Code Chapters 33-10-01 through 33-10-14), and findings, recommendations and University responses to North Dakota Department of Health inspections.

The above documents are available for review by any radiation worker, documents maintained by the Radiation Safety Officer are located on the second floor of the Auxiliary Services Building and are available for review during normal office hours.

All Individuals designated as radiation workers are required to sign Form UND-RSP-7 prior to working with radioactive materials. In addition, female workers are required to sign Form UND-RSP-8.

To contact the Safety Officer on Call, call the UND Safety Office at 777-3341 OR after hours call the Plant Services Communications Desk at 777-2591.

SFN 8414 NORTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

N O T I C E T 0 E M P L O Y E E S

STANDARDS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION

THE NORTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
HAS ESTABLISHED STANDARDS FOR YOUR
PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION HAZARDS

YOUR EMPLOYER'S RESPONSIBILITY

Your employer is required to -

1. Apply these rules and conditions of his North Dakota Radioactive Material License to all work under the license.
2. Post or otherwise make available to you a copy of the North Dakota Department of Health rules, licenses, and operating procedures which apply to work you are engaged in, and explain their provisions to you. Copies of these documents are in the possession of the current Radiation Safety Officer named on the license, and are available for examination by any employee.
3. Post Notices of Violation involving radiological working conditions, proposed imposition of civil penalties and orders.
4. Refrain from discriminatory acts against employees who provide information to the North Dakota Department of Health.

YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A WORKER

You should familiarize yourself with those provisions of the North Dakota Department of Health rules and the operating procedures which apply to the work you are engaged in. You should observe their provisions for your own protection and protection of your co-workers.

WHAT IS COVERED BY THESE RULES

1. Limits on exposure to radiation and radioactive material in restricted and unrestricted areas;
2. Measures to be taken after accidental exposure;
3. Personnel monitoring, surveys, and equipment;
4. Caution signs, labels, and safety interlock equipment;
5. Exposure records and reports;
6. Options for workers regarding Department inspections;
7. Prohibits discrimination against employees, and;
8. Related matters.
REPORTS ON YOUR RADIATION EXPOSURE HISTORY

1. The North Dakota Department of Health Rules require that your employer give you a written report if you receive an exposure in excess of any applicable limit as set forth in the rules or in the license. The basic limits for exposure to employees are set forth in Subsection 1 of Section 33-10-04.1-06 of the rules. This section specifies limits on exposure to radiation from both external sources and any radioactive material taken into your body.
2. If you work where personnel monitoring is required:
a. Your employer must give you a written report of your radiation exposure upon termination of your employment, if you request a report, and
b. Your employer must give you a written report of your exposure to radiation annually.

INSPECTIONS

All licensed or registered activities are subject to inspection by representatives of the North Dakota Department of Health.

EMPLOYEE PROTECTION

If an employee believes that discrimination has occurred due to engaging in activities described in Subsection 6 of Section 33-10-10-02 of these rules said employee may, within thirty days of the discriminatory act, file a complaint with the Department of Labor, Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division. The Department of Labor shall conduct an investigation and shall, where discrimination has occurred, issue an order providing relief to the employee if relief is not provided by other means of settlement.

INQUIRIES

Inquiries dealing with the matters outlined above, can be sent to the North Dakota Department of Health, Division of Environmental Engineering, 1200 Missouri Avenue, Room 304, Box 5520, Bismarck, North Dakota 58506-5520. Telephone: (701)328-5188.

COPIES OF THIS NOTICE MUST BE POSTED IN A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF PLACES IN EVERY ESTABLISHMENT WHERE EMPLOYEES ARE
EMPLOYED IN ACTIVITIES LICENSED OR REGISTERED WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, TO PERMIT EMPLOYEES
WORKING IN OR FREQUENTING ANY PORTION OF RESTRICTED AREA TO OBSERVE A COPY ON THE WAY TO OR FROM THEIR PLACE OF EMPLOYMENT 4/95




V. RECORD KEEPING

Documentation must be maintained in the following subject areas by either the RSO or the authorized user of radioactive materials or radiation producing machines and will be available for periodic inspection by the North Dakota State Department of Health Inspectors.

Instrument Calibrations
Procurement and Shipment Records
Inventory of Radioactive Materials
Liquid Waste Disposal and Unrestricted Releases
Solid Waste Disposal
Gaseous Waste Disposal through Hoods
Surveys
Sealed Source Leak Test Results
Personnel Exposure

The necessary forms for documenting some of this information can be found in APPENDIX A. If these forms are not used, the records must contain equivalent information. Other necessary records for which there are no forms must be kept by each researcher in the user inventory log according to the regulations in this handbook. All user maintained records must be available for review by the RSO on demand. This user inventory log must contain information which clearly identifies the quantity and type of isotope on hand at any given time and permits the RSO to trace the history of a given quantity of isotope from receipt through disposal, either by shipping out or as waste disposal.

A. Instrument Calibrations

The RSO will maintain a record of the results of survey instrument calibrations. Form (UND-RSP-13) will be used for calibrations performed through the RSO office.

B. Procurement and Shipment Records

Each user must maintain records showing the isotope and quantity received or shipped in the user inventory log. The RSO will maintain a file of survey results on all incoming and outgoing shipments obtained from information on the UND-RSP-4 form.

C. Inventory of Radioactive Materials

All users will maintain a current user inventory log which will give the type and quantity, corrected for decay, (APPENDIX E contains decay corrections for selected radioisotopes), of all materials on hand. The location of the material will be noted in the inventory records. The RSO will periodically check these records by examining waste disposal, release, procurement, and shipment records and by checking inventories against those given on form UND-RSP-3 used when purchasing radioisotopes.

D. Liquid Waste Disposal and Unrestricted Releases

Each user will maintain records in appropriate units (uCi/ml and total uCi) of all materials released to the sanitary sewer or to unrestricted areas. (UND-RSP-6) These disposal records must be sent to the RSO on the last day of each month unless otherwise specified in the users authorization. Release records of radioactivity in liquid effluents must be kept by the user and available to the RSO for review.

E. Solid Waste Disposal

Each user will maintain records of the isotopes and activity that go into each solid waste disposal container (UND-RSP-5 may be used). A copy of this form must be supplied to the RSO when arrangements are made to have the drum or waste container picked up for disposal. Form UND-RSP-14 (APPENDIX A) should be forwarded to the RSO to initiate disposal actions.

F. Gaseous Waste Disposal through Hoods

Each user will maintain records in appropriate units (uCi/ml and total uCi) of all materials released to the atmosphere through hoods. In addition, records will be maintained on the quantity and pattern of hood air flow.

G. Survey Records

Each user shall maintain records in appropriate units (uCi, uCi/ml, mrem/hr, cpm/100cm2) showing the results of all surveys including the results of smear tests. Null results must also be recorded. Form UND-RSP-11 can be used for reporting results.

H. Sealed Source Leak Test Results

All users of sealed sources of radioactivity must report to the RSO the date of the test, the method used, and the amount of radioactivity removed from the source in microcuries. Form UND-RSP-12 can be used for this purpose.

I. Personnel Exposures

The RSO must receive copies of all reports of film badge exposures for those personnel who use a film badge service. Dosimeter results will also be forwarded to the RSO using Form UND-RSP-9. Records of exposure for all individuals for whom personnel monitoring is required will be kept by the RSO. These records will be made available to the employee upon his or her request at least annually and upon termination.

VI. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

A radiation emergency occurs when a set of circumstances results in hazardous radiation levels, hazardous concentrations of airborne radioisotopes, or gross contamination of property or personnel. Each user is responsible for familiarizing those under the user's supervision with the procedures in this section and any additional emergency procedures submitted to the Committee.

A. Treatment for Contaminated Accident Victims

1. Accident victims who are contaminated should be sent to the nearest hospital for treatment. As soon as contamination is discovered, notify the Radiation Safety Officer (3341 or 3491 after working hours). If the victim is in need of immediate medical attention, call for an ambulance. Inform the hospital and emergency response personnel that the patient may be contaminated with radioactive material.

2. The victim should be decontaminated as thoroughly as possible and as quickly as possible. However, medical attention should never be delayed due to contamination, treat injuries first, decontaminate second.

3. Contaminated clothing should be removed, if possible, and retained for later examination by the Radiation Safety Officer.

B. Required Posting of Laboratory Procedures for Radioactive Spills, Fires and/or Explosions:

The name and home phone number of the individual responsible for the use of radioisotopes within the laboratory as well as the numbers of the RSO will be posted on the laboratory door in order to facilitate contact in case of an emergency. The authorized user is responsible for seeing that the posted information is current. In addition, the following three pages of procedures must be posted in each laboratory where unsealed radioactive materials are used and added to when necessary. Laboratories and other areas utilizing only sealed sources of radioactive material should post emergency procedures developed specifically for the sources that are in use. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SPILLS/CONTAMINATION EVENTS

The Principal Investigator and his/her radiation workers are expected to perform their own clean-up and decontamination of contaminated areas and equipment resulting from a spill. The RSO must be informed of all spills and consulted if you have doubts about correct cleanup procedures.

Be prepared for an emergency by mentally rehearsing the following:

Extreme Hazards: high radiation levels, airborne contamination from dry or volatile radioactive materials.

Evacuate the laboratory immediately and close and lock the door or stand guard to prevent entrance. Have the Radiation Safety Officer summoned immediately (phone 777-2591). (If you have to leave the area to call, remove your shoes if you suspect contamination and do not touch anything unnecessarily.)

Other Hazards: spills or suspected spills of radioactive material where material does not become airborne.

Keep calm, use common sense, protect people, do not spread contamination (always assume you are contaminated until a survey proves differently) and use the following as guides:

A. Confine Contamination:

1. Localize the spill. If the spill is a liquid and your hands are protected, place the container in an upright position and drop absorbent material on the spill. Damp down a dry spill.

2. Do not track contamination about the laboratory. Call, do not go for help, if possible.

3. Close doors and where possible adjust ventilation to prevent the spread of airborne contamination.

4. Check shoes before leaving area of a cleaned-up spill.

B. Protect Personnel:

1. Warn other workers.

2. Carefully remove contaminated clothing and wash contaminated part of the body with soap.

3. Quickly and thoroughly flush out minor wounds under running water.

C. Decontaminate:

1. If thorough washing with soap does not remove contamination from the body, consult the Radiation Safety Officer.

2. You will be expected to perform the major work of decontamination of the area of your spill. With the Radiation Safety Officer, devise a safe plan for re-entry. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
SPILLS/CONTAMINATION EVENTS (CONTINUED)

D. Treatment for Contaminated Accident Victims

1. Accident victims who are contaminated should be sent to the nearest hospital for treatment. As soon as contamination is discovered, notify the Radiation Safety Officer (7-3341 or 3491 after working hours). If the victim is in need of immediate medical attention, call for an ambulance. Inform the hospital and emergency response personnel that the patient may be contaminated with radioactive material.

2. The victim should be decontaminated as thoroughly as possible and as quickly as possible. However, medical attention should never be delayed due to contamination, treat injuries first, decontaminate second.

3. Contaminated clothing should be removed, if possible, and retained for later examination by the Radiation Safety Officer.

IN ALL EMERGENCIES EXCEPT FOR VERY MINOR SPILLS OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER, SHOULD BE NOTIFIED AT 7-3341 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

DURING OFF-DUTY HOURS, CONTACT THE COMMUNICATIONS DESK 7-2591 WHO WILL NOTIFY THE RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER.

CONTACT THE AUTHORIZED USER AS POSTED ON THE ROOM DOOR. IF YOUR LABORATORY IS CO-LOCATED WITH OTHER AGENCIES, THEY MUST BE NOTIFIED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
FIRES AND/OR EXPLOSIONS

Usually, the radionuclides possessed and the small quantities used have no intrinsic danger per se to cause fires or explosions. Secondary hazards to fires or explosions would be possible breakage, spillage and spread of radioactive contamination. Employees must be aware of the flammable characteristics of materials with which they must work (for example: diethyl ether, volatile hydrocarbons, etc.). Also, the possibility that certain electrical equipment can cause sparks or excessive heat should be realized so that, as far as possible, departments should use explosion-proof refrigerators, centrifuges, motors and the like.

The RSO is available for consultation and recommendations concerning fire prevention and assistance in establishing adequate controls.

A. In the Event of Fire or Explosion:

1. Give the alarm within the building.

2. Call the Fire Department, 9-911.

3. Make sure the building is evacuated.

4. Have someone meet the Fire Department to show them where the fire is and to explain to them any possible hazards due to the presence of radioactive materials in the area.

B. If the corridors or stairways are untenable from heat or smoke, remain in your room with the door closed tightly. If possible, open or break the room window to admit fresh air.

IN CASE OF FIRE AND/OR EXPLOSION ON THE MAIN CAMPUS THE UNIVERSITY POLICE WILL NOTIFY THE UNIVERSITY RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER IF RADIONUCLIDES ARE INVOLVED IN THE INCIDENT.

IF NOT ON MAIN CAMPUS, THE PERSON IN CHARGE MUST NOTIFY THE RSO.

IN ALL CASES CONTACT THE AUTHORIZED USER AS POSTED ON THE ROOM DOOR. APPENDIX A



STANDARD PRACTICES

Forms

UND-RSP-1: Application for Authorization to Possess and Use Radioactive Material, Instructions Included
UND-RSP-2: Application for Authorization to Possess and Use Radiation Producing Machines, Instructions Included
UND-RSP-3: Radioactive Material Requisition Form
UND-RSP-4: Radioisotope Receiving Form
UND-RSP-5: H-3 and C-14 LSC Disposal Form (For limited solid or liquid disposal)

UND-RSP-7: Instruction Concerning Radiological Health Regulations: Radioactive Material
UND-RSP-7a: Instruction Concerning Radiological Health Regulations: X-ray Producing Machines
UND-RSP-8: Instructions Concerning Prenatal Exposure
UND-RSP-9: Daily Dosimeter Readings
UND-RSP-10: Urine Radioassay Data
UND-RSP-11: Survey & Smear Data Report Form

CHEM-1: Waste Disposal Form/Manifest (formerly UND-RSP-14)

APPENDIX B

Regulatory Guide 8.13: "Instructions
Concerning Prenatal Radiation Exposure" This NRC Reg. Guide has been altered to include references to North Dakota's Rules
Revision 3
June 1999
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
REGULATORY GUIDE
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research

Regulatory Guide 8.13
Instruction Concerning Prenatal Radiation Exposure
(Draft issued as DG-8014)

A. INTRODUCTION

The Code of Federal Regulations in 10 CFR Part 19 [North Dakota Radiological Health Rules Chapter 33-10-10], "Notices, Instructions and Reports to Workers: Inspection and Investigations," in Section 19.12 [Subsection 33-10-10-02.2], "Instructions to Workers," requires instruction in "the health protection problems associated with exposure to radiation and/or radioactive material, in precautions or procedures to minimize exposure, and in the purposes and functions of protective devices employed." The instructions must be "commensurate with potential radiological health protection problems present in the work place."

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) [North Dakota Department of Health, Radiation Control Program's] regulations on radiation protection are specified in 10 CFR Part 20 [Chapter 33-10-04.1], "Standards for Protection Against Radiation"; and Section 20.1208 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8], "Dose to an Embryo/Fetus," requires licensees to "ensure that the dose to an embryo/fetus during the entire pregnancy, due to occupational exposure of a declared pregnant woman, does not exceed 0.5 rem (5 mSv)." Section 20.1208 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8] also requires licensees to "make efforts to avoid substantial variation above a uniform monthly exposure rate to a declared pregnant woman." A declared pregnant woman is defined in 10 CFR 20.1003 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-03.3] as a woman who has voluntarily informed her employer, in writing, of her pregnancy and the estimated date of conception.

This regulatory guide is intended to provide information to pregnant women, and other personnel, to help them make decisions regarding radiation exposure during pregnancy. This Regulatory Guide 8.13 supplements Regulatory Guide 8.29, "Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure" (Ref. 1) [Available from the Safety Office], which contains a broad discussion of the risks from exposure to ionizing radiation.

Other sections of the NRC's [ND Department of Health's] regulations also specify requirements for monitoring external and internal occupational dose to a declared pregnant woman. In 10 CFR 20.1502 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-09.2], "Conditions Requiring Individual Monitoring of External and Internal Occupational Dose," licensees are required to monitor the occupational dose to a declared pregnant woman, using an individual monitoring device, if it is likely that the declared pregnant woman will receive, from external sources, a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv). According to Paragraph (e) of 10 CFR 20.2106 [subdivision e of Subsection 33-10-04.1-15.7], "Records of Individual Monitoring Results," the licensee must maintain records of dose to an embryo/fetus if monitoring was required, and the records of dose to the embryo/fetus must be kept with the records of dose to the declared pregnant woman. The declaration of pregnancy must be kept on file, but may be maintained separately from the dose records. The licensee must retain the required form or record until the Commission terminates each pertinent license requiring the record.

B. DISCUSSION

As discussed in Regulatory Guide 8.29 (Ref. 1), exposure to any level of radiation is assumed to carry with it a certain amount of risk. In the absence of scientific certainty regarding the relationship between low dose exposure and health effects, and as a conservative assumption for radiation protection purposes, the scientific community generally assumes that any exposure to ionizing radiation may cause undesirable biological effects and that the likelihood of these effects increases as the dose increases. At the occupational dose limit for the whole body of 5 rem (50 mSv) per year, the risk is believed to be very low.

The magnitude of risk of childhood cancer following in utero exposure is uncertain in that both negative and positive studies have been reported. The data from these studies "are consistent with a lifetime cancer risk resulting from exposure during gestation which is two to three times that for the adult" (NCR Report No. 116, Ref. 2). The NRC has reviewed the available scientific literature and has concluded that the 0.5 rem (5 mSv) limit specified in 10 CFR 20.1208 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8] provides an adequate margin of protection for the embryo/fetus. This dose limit reflects the desire to limit the total lifetime risk of leukemia and other cancers associated with radiation exposure during pregnancy.

In order for a pregnant worker to take advantage of the lower exposure limit and dose monitoring provisions specified in 10 CFR Part 20 [Chapter 33-10-04.1], the woman must declare her pregnancy in writing to the licensee. A form letter for declaring pregnancy is provided in this guide or the licensee may use its own form letter for declaring pregnancy. A separate written declaration should be submitted for each pregnancy.

C. REGULATORY POSITION

1. Who Should Receive Instruction
Female workers who require training under 10 CFR 19.12 [Subsection 33-10-10-02.2] should be provided with the information contained in this guide. In addition to the information contained in Regulatory Guide 8.29 (Ref. 1), this information may be included as part of the training required under 10 CFR 19.12 [Subsection 33-10-10-02.2].

2. Providing Instruction
The occupational worker may be given a copy of this guide with its Appendix, an explanation of the contents of the guide, and an opportunity to ask questions and request additional information. The information in this guide and Appendix should also be provided to any worker or supervisor who may be affected by a declaration of pregnancy or who may have to take some action in response to such a declaration.

Classroom instruction may supplement the written information. If the licensee provides classroom instruction, the instructor should have some knowledge of the biological effects of radiation to be able to answer questions that may go beyond the information provided in this guide. Videotaped presentations may be used for classroom instruction. Regardless of whether the licensee provides classroom training, the licensee should give workers the opportunity to ask questions about information contained in this Regulatory Guide 8.13. The licensee may take credit for instruction that the worker has received within the past year at other licensed facilities or in other courses or training.

3. Licensee's Policy on Declared Pregnant Women
The instruction provided should describe the licensee's specific policy on declared pregnant women, including how those policies may affect a woman's work situation. In particular, the instruction should include a description of the licensee's policies, if any, that may affect the declared pregnant woman's work situation after she has filed a written declaration of pregnancy consistent with 10 CFR 20.1208 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8].

The instruction should also identify who to contact for additional information as well as identify who should receive the written declaration of pregnancy. The recipient of the woman's declaration may be identified by name (e.g., John Smith), position (e.g., immediate supervisor, the radiation safety officer), or department (e.g., the personnel department).

4. Duration of Lower Dose Limits for the Embryo/Fetus
The lower dose limit for the embryo/fetus should remain in effect until the woman withdraws the declaration in writing or the woman is no longer pregnant. If a declaration of pregnancy is withdrawn, the dose limit for the embryo/fetus would apply only to the time from the estimated date of conception until the time the declaration is withdrawn. If the declaration is not withdrawn, the written declaration may be considered expired one year after submission.

5. Substantial Variations Above a Uniform Monthly Dose Rate
According to 10 CFR 20.1208(b) [subdivision b of Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8], "The licensee shall make efforts to avoid substantial variation above a uniform monthly exposure rate to a declared pregnant woman so as to satisfy the limit in paragraph (a) of this section," that is, 0.5 rem (5 mSv) to the embryo/fetus. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) recommends a monthly equivalent dose limit of 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) to the embryo/fetus once the pregnancy is known (Ref. 2). In view of the NCRP recommendation, any monthly dose of less than 0.1 rem (1 mSv) may be considered as not a substantial variation above a uniform monthly dose rate and as such will not require licensee justification. However, a monthly dose greater than 0.1 rem (1 mSv) should be justified by the licensee.

D. IMPLEMENTATION

The purpose of this section is to provide information to licensees and applicants regarding the NRC staff's plans for using this regulatory guide.

Unless a licensee or an applicant proposes an acceptable alternative method for complying with the specified portions of the NRC's regulations, the methods described in this guide will be used by the NRC staff in the evaluation of instructions to workers on the radiation exposure of pregnant women.

REFERENCES

1. USNRC, "Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure," Regulatory Guide 8.29, Revision 1, February 1996.

2. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, NCRP Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993.APPENDIX: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CONCERNING PRENATAL
RADIATION EXPOSURE

1. Why am I receiving this information?
The NRC's regulations (in 10 CFR 19.12 [Subsection 33-10-10-02.2], "Instructions to Workers") require that licensees instruct individuals working with licensed radioactive materials in radiation protection as appropriate for the situation. The instruction below describes information that occupational workers and their supervisors should know about the radiation exposure of the embryo/fetus of pregnant women.

The regulations allow a pregnant woman to decide whether she wants to formally declare her pregnancy to take advantage of lower dose limits for the embryo/fetus. This instruction provides information to help women make an informed decision whether to declare a pregnancy.

2. If I become pregnant, am I required to declare my pregnancy?
No. The choice whether to declare your pregnancy is completely voluntary. If you choose to declare your pregnancy, you must do so in writing and a lower radiation dose limit will apply to your embryo/fetus. If you choose not to declare your pregnancy, you and your embryo/fetus will continue to be subject to the same radiation dose limits that apply to other occupational workers.

3. If I declare my pregnancy in writing, what happens?
If you choose to declare your pregnancy in writing, the licensee must take measures to limit the dose to your embryo/fetus to 0.5 rem (5 millisievert) during the entire pregnancy. This is one-tenth of the dose that an occupational worker may receive in a year. If you have already received a dose exceeding 0.5 rem (5 mSv) in the period between conception and the declaration of your pregnancy, an additional dose of 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) is allowed during the remainder of the pregnancy. In addition, 10 CFR 20.1208 [Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8], "Dose to an Embryo/Fetus," requires licensees to make efforts to avoid substantial variation above a uniform monthly dose rate so that all the 0.5 rem (5 mSv) allowed dose does not occur in a short period during the pregnancy.

This may mean that, if you declare your pregnancy, the licensee may not permit you to do some of your normal job functions if those functions would have allowed you to receive more than 0.5 rem, and you may not be able to have some emergency response responsibilities.

4. Why do the regulations have a lower dose limit for the embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant
woman than for a pregnant worker who has not declared?
A lower dose limit for the embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant woman is based on a consideration of greater sensitivity to radiation of the embryo/fetus and the involuntary nature of the exposure. Several scientific advisory groups have recommended (References 1 and 2) that the dose to the embryo/fetus be limited to a fraction of the occupational dose limit.

5. What are the potentially harmful effects of radiation exposure to my embryo/fetus?
The occurrence and severity of health effects caused by ionizing radiation are dependent upon the type and total dose of radiation received, as well as the time period over which the exposure was received. See Regulatory Guide 8.29, "Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Exposure" (Ref. 3), for more information. The main concern is embryo/fetal susceptibility to the harmful effects of radiation such as cancer.

6. Are there any risks of genetic defects?
Although radiation injury has been induced experimentally in rodents and insects, and in the experiments was transmitted and became manifest as hereditary disorders in their offspring, radiation has not been identified as a cause of such effect in humans. Therefore, the risk of genetic effects attributable to radiation exposure is speculative. For example, no genetic effects have been documented in any of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, their children, or their grandchildren.

7. What if I decide that I do not want any radiation exposure at all during my pregnancy?
You may ask your employer for a job that does not involve any exposure at all to occupational radiation dose, but your employer is not obligated to provide you with a job involving no radiation exposure. Even if you receive no occupational exposure at all, your embryo/fetus will receive some radiation dose (on average 75 mrem (0.75 mSv)) during your pregnancy from natural background radiation.

The NRC has reviewed the available scientific literature and concluded that the 0.5 rem (5 mSv) limit provides an adequate margin of protection for the embryo/fetus. This dose limit reflects the desire to limit the total lifetime risk of leukemia and other cancers. If this dose limit is exceeded, the total lifetime risk of cancer to the embryo/fetus may increase incrementally. However, the decision on what level of risk to accept is yours. More detailed information on potential risk to the embryo/fetus from radiation exposure can be found in References 2-10.

8. What effect will formally declaring my pregnancy have on my job status?
Only the licensee can tell you what effect a written declaration of pregnancy will have on your job status. As part of your radiation safety training, the licensee should tell you the company's policies with respect to the job status of declared pregnant women. In addition, before you declare your pregnancy, you may want to talk to your supervisor or your radiation safety officer and ask what a declaration of pregnancy would mean specifically for you and your job status.

In many cases you can continue in your present job with no change and still meet the dose limit for the embryo/fetus. For example, most commercial power reactor workers (approximately 93%) receive, in 12 months, occupational radiation doses that are less than 0.5 rem (5 mSv) (Ref. 11). The licensee may also consider the likelihood of increased radiation exposures from accidents and abnormal events before making a decision to allow you to continue in your present job.

If your current work might cause the dose to your embryo/fetus to exceed 0.5 rem (5 mSv), the licensee has various options. It is possible that the licensee can and will make a reasonable accommodation that will allow you to continue performing your current job, for example, by having another qualified employee do a small part of the job that accounts for some of your radiation exposure.

9. What information must I provide in my written declaration of pregnancy?
You should provide, in writing, your name, a declaration that you are pregnant, the estimated date of conception (only the month and year need be given), and the date that you give the letter to the licensee. A form letter that you can use is included at the end of these questions and answers. You may use that letter, use a form letter the licensee has provided to you, or write your own letter.

10. To declare my pregnancy, do I have to have documented medical proof that I am pregnant?
NRC [ND Department of Health] regulations do not require that you provide medical proof of your pregnancy. However, NRC [ND Department of Health] regulations do not preclude the licensee from requesting medical documentation of your pregnancy, especially if a change in your duties is necessary in order to comply with the 0.5 rem (5 mSv) dose limit.

11. Can I tell the licensee orally rather than in writing that I am pregnant?
No. The regulations require that the declaration must be in writing.

12. If I have not declared my pregnancy in writing, but the licensee suspects that I am pregnant,
do the lower dose limits apply?
No. The lower dose limits for pregnant women apply only if you have declared your pregnancy in writing. The United States Supreme Court has ruled (in United Automobile Workers International Union v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 1991) that "Decisions about the welfare of future children must be left to the parents who conceive, bear, support, and raise them rather than to the employers who hire those parents" (Reference 7). The Supreme Court also ruled that your employer may not restrict you from a specific job "because of concerns about the next generation." Thus, the lower limits apply only if you choose to declare your pregnancy in writing.

13. If I am planning to become pregnant but am not yet pregnant and I inform the licensee of
that in writing, do the lower dose limits apply?
No. The requirement for lower limits applies only if you declare in writing that you are already pregnant.

14. What if I have a miscarriage or find out that I am not pregnant?
If you have declared your pregnancy in writing, you should promptly inform the licensee in writing that you are no longer pregnant. However, if you have not formally declared your pregnancy in writing, you need not inform the licensee of your nonpregnant status.15. How long is the lower dose limit in effect?
The dose to the embryo/fetus must be limited until you withdraw your declaration in writing or you inform the licensee in writing that you are no longer pregnant. If the declaration is not withdrawn, the written declaration may be considered expired one year after submission.

16. If I have declared my pregnancy in writing, can I revoke my declaration of pregnancy even
if I am still pregnant?
Yes, you may. The choice is entirely yours. If you revoke your declaration of pregnancy, the lower dose limit for the embryo/fetus no longer applies.

17. What if I work under contract at a licensed facility?
The regulations state that you should formally declare your pregnancy to the licensee in writing. The licensee has the responsibility to limit the dose to the embryo/fetus.

18. Where can I get additional information?
The references to this Appendix contain helpful information, especially Reference 3, NRC's Regulatory Guide 8.29, "Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure," for general information on radiation risks. The licensee should be able to give this document to you.

For information on legal aspects, see Reference 7, "The Rock and the Hard Place: Employer Liability to Fertile or Pregnant Employees and Their Unborn Children--What Can the Employer Do?" which is an article in the journal Radiation Protection Management.

You may telephone the NRC Headquarters at (301) 415-7000. Legal questions should be directed to the Office of the General Counsel, and technical questions should be directed to the Division of Industrial and Medical Nuclear Safety.

You may also telephone the NRC Regional Offices at the following numbers: Region I, (610) 337-5000; Region II, (404) 562-4400; Region III, (630) 829-9500; and Region IV, (817) 860-8100. Legal questions should be directed to the Regional Counsel, and technical questions should be directed to the Division of Nuclear Materials Safety.REFERENCES

1. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, NCR Report No. 116, Bethesda, MD, 1993.
2. International Commission on Radiological Protection, 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 60, Ann. ICRP 21: No. 1-3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1991.
3. USNRC, "Instruction Concerning Risks from Occupational Radiation Exposure," Regulatory Guide 8.29, Revision 1, February 1996.1(1) (Electronically available at www.nrc.gov/NRC/RG/index.html)
4. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Research Council, Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V), National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1990.
5. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations, New York, 1993.
6. R. Doll and R. Wakeford, "Risk of Childhood Cancer from Fetal Irradiation," The British Journal of Radiology, 70, 130-139, 1997.
7. David Wiedis, Donald E. Jose, and Timm O. Phoebe, "The Rock and the Hard Place: Employer Liability to Fertile or Pregnant Employees and Their Unborn Children--What Can the Employer Do?" Radiation Protection Management, 11, 41-49, January/February 1994.
8. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Considerations Regarding the Unintended Radiation Exposure of the Embryo, Fetus, or Nursing Child, NCR Commentary No. 9, Bethesda, MD, 1994.
9. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Risk Estimates for Radiation Protection, NCR Report No. 115, Bethesda, MD, 1993.
10. National Radiological Protection Board, Advice on Exposure to Ionising Radiation During Pregnancy, National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, UK, 1998.
11. M.L. Thomas and D. Hagemeyer, "Occupational Radiation Exposure at Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors and Other Facilities, 1996," Twenty-Ninth Annual Report, NUREG-0713, Vol. 18, USNRC, 1998.(2)

FORM LETTER FOR DECLARING PREGNANCY

This form letter is provided for your convenience. To make your written declaration of pregnancy, you may fill in the blanks in this form letter, you may use a form letter the licensee has provided to you, or you may write your own letter.

DECLARATION OF PREGNANCY

To: _________________________

In accordance with Subsection 33-10-04.1-06.8 of the North Dakota Radiological Health Rules, "Dose to an Embryo/Fetus," I am declaring that I am pregnant. I believe I became pregnant in________________ (only the month and year need be provided).

I understand the radiation dose to my embryo/fetus during my entire pregnancy will not be allowed to exceed 0.5 rem (5millisievert) (unless that dose has already been exceeded between the time of conception and submitting this letter). I also understand that meeting the lower dose limit may require a change in job or job responsibilities during my pregnancy.

___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
(Your Signature) (Your Name Printed) (Date) APPENDIX C
Rules of Thumb RULES OF THUMB
A. Beta Particles

1. Beta particles of at least 70 keV energy are required to penetrate the nominal protective layer of the skin (7 mg/cm2).

2. The average energy of a beta-ray spectrum is approximately 1/3 of the maximum energy.

3. The range of beta particles in air is 12 feet per Mev. Maximum range of a P-32 beta is 1.71 MeV x 12 ft/Mev = 20.5 feet.

4. The dose rate in rads per hour submersed in a solution containing a beta emitter is 1.12 EC/p, where E is the average beta energy in MeV, C is the concentration in microcuries per cubic centimeter, and p is the density of the medium in grams per cubic centimeter. The dose rate at the surface of the solution is ½ the value given by this relation. For P-32 the dose rate from a 1 uCi/cm3 aqueous solution is:
1.12 x (1/3 x 1.71 MeV)(1 uCi/cm3)/1 g/cm3 = 0.319 R/hour

5. The surface dose rate through the nominal protective layer of skin from a uniform thin deposition of 1 uCi/cm2 is about 7 rads/hour for maximum beta energies between 0.65 and 3.0 MeV. Note that in the thin layer, the beta dose rate exceeds the gamma dose rate, for equal energies released, by about a factor of 100.

6. For a point source of beta radiation (neglecting self and air absorption) of millicurie quantities, the dose rate at 1 cm is approximately equal to 200 x mCi rads/hour and varies only slowly with beta energy. Dose rate for 1 mCi P-32 at 1 cm is approximately 200 rads/hour.

B. Gamma Rays

1. For a point source gamma emitter with energies between 0.07 and 4 MeV, the exposure rate (mR/hr) within 20% at 1 foot is 6 x mCi x E x n, where mCi is the number of millicuries: E is the energy in MeV, and n is the number of gammas per disintegration.

2. The dose rate to tissue in rads per hour in an infinite medium uniformly contaminated by a gamma emitter is 2.12 EC/p, where C is the concentration in microcuries per cubic centimeter, E is the average gamma energy per disintegration in MeV, and p is the density of the medium. At the surface of a large body, the dose rate is about half of this.




APPENDIX D
Information for Laboratory Classification INFORMATION FOR CLASSIFYING LABORATORIES

TABLE I

Classification of Laboratories

Radionuclide
Group
(From Table II on next page) Survey Frequency Category
LOW
(Monthly Surveys) MEDIUM
(Every 2 Week Surveys) HIGH
(Weekly Surveys)
1. 10 mCi 10 mCi to 1 mCi 1 mCi
2 (I-125...) 1 mCi 1 mCi to 100 mCi 100 mCi
3 (S-35...) 100 mCi 100 mCi to 10 Ci 10 Ci
4 (H-3...) 10 Ci 10 Ci to 1000 Ci 1000 Ci

Proportional fractions are to be used for more than one isotope

Modifier Factor
1 Simple Storage x 100
2 Very simple wet operations (e.g. preparation of aliquots of stock solutions) x 10
3 Normal Chemical operations (e.g. analysis, simple chemical preparations) x 1
4 Complex wet operations (e.g. multiple operations with complex glass apparatus) x 0.1
5 Simple dry operations (e.g. manipulation of powders) & work with volatile radioactive compounds x 0.1
6 exposure of non-occupational persons x 0.1
7 Dry and dusty operations (e.g. grinding) x 0.01

The modifying factors are applied to a given approved authorization for a quantity of radioisotope to determine if the laboratory classification for the particular quantity of isotope is adequate.

Example: A medium survey frequence laboratory would be ample to handle 10 mCi of a Group 2 radioisotope when doing simple chemical operations. However, if simple aliquot preparation is being performed, then (10 x 10 mCi) = 100 mCi could be used in the lab, whereas if dry powders were being handled only (0.1 x 10 mCi) = 1 mCi would be allowed in this laboratory.

TABLE II
CLASSIFICATION OF ISOTOPES ACCORDING TO RELATIVE RADIOTOXICITY PER UNIT ACTIVITY
Group 1: High Toxicity (International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Reports Series No. 15 -- A Basic Toxicity Classification of Radionuclides, 1963)
Pb-210 Po-210 Ra-223 Ra-226 Ra-228 Ac-227 Th-227 Th-228 Th-230
Pa-231 U-230 U-232 U-233 U-234 Np-237 Pu-238 Pu-239 Pu-240
Pu-241 Pu-242 Am-241 Am-243 Cm-242 Cm-243 Cm-244 Cm-245 Cm-246
Cf-249 Cf-250 Cf-252
Group 2: Medium Toxicity – Upper Sub-Group A
Na-22 Cl-36 Ca-45 Sc-46 Mn-54 Co-56 Co-60 Sr-89 Sr-90
Y-91 Zr-95 Ru-106 Ag-110m Cd-115m In-114m Sb-124 Sb-125 Te-127m
Te-129m I-125 I-126 I-131 I-133 Cs-134 Cs-137 Ba-140 Ce-144
Eu-152(13y) Eu154 Tb-160 Tm-170 Hf-181 Ta-182 Ir-192 Tl-204 Bi-207
Bi-210 At-211 Pb-212 Ra-224 Ac-228 Pa-230 Pa-234 U-236 Bk-249
Group 3: Medium Toxicity – Lower Sub-Group B
Be-7 C-14 F-18 Na-24 Cl-38 Si-31 P-32 P-33 S-35
A-41 K-42 K-43 Ca-47 Sc-47 Sc-48 V-48 Cr-51 Mn-52
Mn-56 Fe-52 Fe-55 Fe-59 Co-57 Co-58 Ni-63 Ni-65 Cu-64
Zn-65 Zn-69m Ga-72 As-73 As-74 As-76 As-77 Se-75 Br-82
Kr-85m Kr-87 Rb-86 Sr-85 Sr-91 Y-90 Y-92 Y-93 Zr-97
Nb-93m Nb-95 Mo-99 Tc-96 Tc-97m Tc-97 Tc-99 Ru-97 Ru-103
Ru-105 Rh-105 Pd-103 Pd-109 Ag-105 Ag-111 Cd-109 Cd-115 In-115m
Sn-113 Sn-125 Sb-122 Te-125m Te-127 Te-129 Te-131m I-130 I-132
Te-132 I-134 I-135 Xe-135 Cs-131 Cs-136 Ba-131 La-140 Ce-141
Ce-143 Pr-142 Pr-143 Nd-147 Nd-149 Pm-147 Pm-149 Sm-151 Sm-153
Eu-152(9.2hr) Eu-155 Gd-153 Gd-159 Dy-165 Dy-166 Ho-166 Er-169 Er-171
Tm-171 Yb-175 Lu-177 W-181 W-185 W-187 Re-183 Re-186 Re-188
Os-185 Os-191 Os-193 Ir-190 Ir-194 Pt-191 Pt-193 Pt-197 Au-196
Au-198 Au-199 Hg-197 Hg-197m Hg-203 Tl-200 Tl-201 Tl-202 Pb-203
Bi-206 Bi-212 Rn-220 Rn-222 Th-231 Pa-233 Np-239
Group 4: Low Toxicity
H-3 O-15 A-37 Co-58m Ni-59 Zn-69 Ge-71 Kr-85 Sr-85m
Rb-87 Y-91m Zr-93 Nb-97 Tc-96m Tc-99m Rh-103m In-113m I-129
Xe-131m Xe-133 Cs-134m Cs-135 Sm-147 Re-187 Os-191m Pt-193m Pt-197m
Th-232 Th-Nat U-235 U-238 U-Nat

SELECTED PROPERTIES OF MOST FREQUENTLY ORDERED RADIONUCLIDES

Nuclide Maximum Beta Energy MeV Gamma Energy MeV mR/hr/mCi at 1 meter ALI*
mCi Critical Organ Half-Life**
Radioactive Biological Effective
H-3 0.0186 80,000 Ing. Body Tissue 12.26 years 12 days 12 days
80,000 Inh.
C-14
(not CO or CO2) 0.156 2,000 Ing. Fat 5730 years 12 days 12 days
2,000 Inh.
P-32
(not phosphates) 1.710 600 Ing. Liver
Kidneys 14.28 days 48 days 11 days
900 Inh.
P-33
(not phosphates) 0.248 6,000 Ing. Liver
Kidneys 25.3 days 48 days 16.6 days
8,000 Inh.
S-35 0.1675 10,000 Ing. Large Intestine
Testis 87.2 days 623 days 76.5 days
0.000006 Inh.
I-125 0.028 average (143%) 0.07 40 Ing. Thyroid 60.2 days 138 days 41.9 days
60 Inh.

*Annual Limit on Intake: Amount of material that would result in a whole body dose of 5,000 millirem or target organ dose of 50,000 millirem, whichever is limiting. Ing. is for ingested material, Inh. is for inhaled material.

**Half-life: Biological half life is the time required for one half of the stable element to be removed from the body by biological processes. The effective half-life depends on both the radioactive and biological half-lives and is determined by:
APPENDIX E
Selected Decay Corrections EQUATIONS FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL RATES OF DECAY

Decay Constant l (lamdba) is the natural logarithm (ln) of 2 over the half-life of the radionuclide:
l = ln 2 = 0.693
T1/2 T1/2

Activity at any time t is given by:
At = Aoe -lt = Aoe -(ln 2) t = Aoe -0.693 t
T1/2 T1/2

Ao = The original activity at the time of assay, units are Ci, mCi, mCi, etc.
At = Amount of activity remaining at time t, units must be the same as Ao; Ci, mCi, mCi, etc.
t = The time difference from assay time to the time of interest, units are hours, days, years, etc.
T1/2 = The half-life of the isotope, units must be the same as t; hours, days, years, etc.

Example:

A vial of P-32 is listed as having 11.3 mCi of activity on Wednesday, October 28, 1998, at 8:30 a.m. How much activity is present on Wednesday, November 11 at 3:15 p.m.

T1/2 = 14.28 days
t = 14 days + 6 3/4 hours (6 3/4 hours)/24 hours per day = 0.28 days
= 14.28 days

At = 11.3 mCi e -0.693 x 14.28 days = 11.3 mCi e -0.693 = 5.65 mCi
14.28 days

Sample Spreadsheet Equation: (Based on a Microsoft Excel example)

A B C D E
1 Isotope Assay Amt. (mCi) Assay Date/time* Half-life (days) Current Activity (mCi)
2 P-32 11.3 10/28/1998 8:30 14.28 See equation below

* this cell format is set under the Date category to: m/d/yyyy h:mm

=B2*EXP(-((LN(2)*(NOW()-C2))/D2))
Hydrogen-3 (Tritium) 12.26 years
Years Months
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 1.0000 0.9953 0.9906 0.9860 0.9813 0.9767 0.9721 0.9676 0.9630 0.9585 0.9540 0.9495
1 0.9450 0.9406 0.9362 0.9318 0.9274 0.9230 0.9187 0.9144 0.9101 0.9058 0.9015 0.8973
2 0.8931 0.8889 0.8847 0.8805 0.8764 0.8723 0.8682 0.8641 0.8600 0.8560 0.8520 0.8480
3 0.8440 0.8400 0.8361 0.8321 0.8282 0.8243 0.8205 0.8166 0.8128 0.8089 0.8051 0.8014
4 0.7976 0.7938 0.7901 0.7864 0.7827 0.7790 0.7754 0.7717 0.7681 0.7645 0.7609 0.7573

5 0.7537 0.7502 0.7467 0.7432 0.7397 0.7362 0.7327 0.7293 0.7259 0.7225 0.7191 0.7157
6 0.7123 0.7090 0.7056 0.7023 0.6990 0.6957 0.6925 0.6892 0.6860 0.6827 0.6795 0.6763
7 0.6732 0.6700 0.6668 0.6637 0.6606 0.6575 0.6544 0.6513 0.6483 0.6452 0.6422 0.6392
8 0.6362 0.6332 0.6302 0.6272 0.6243 0.6213 0.6184 0.6155 0.6126 0.6097 0.6069 0.6040
9 0.6012 0.5984 0.5955 0.5927 0.5900 0.5872 0.5844 0.5817 0.5789 0.5762 0.5735 0.5708

Phosphorus-32 14.28 days
Days Hours
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 1.0000 0.9960 0.9919 0.9879 0.9840 0.9800 0.9760 0.9721 0.9682 0.9642 0.9604 0.9565
1 0.9526 0.9488 0.9449 0.9411 0.9373 0.9335 0.9298 0.9260 0.9223 0.9186 0.9149 0.9112
2 0.9075 0.9038 0.9002 0.8965 0.8929 0.8893 0.8857 0.8821 0.8786 0.8750 0.8715 0.8680
3 0.8645 0.8610 0.8575 0.8541 0.8506 0.8472 0.8438 0.8404 0.8370 0.8336 0.8302 0.8269
4 0.8235 0.8202 0.8169 0.8136 0.8103 0.8070 0.8038 0.8005 0.7973 0.7941 0.7909 0.7877

5 0.7845 0.7813 0.7782 0.7750 0.7719 0.7688 0.7657 0.7626 0.7595 0.7565 0.7534 0.7504
6 0.7473 0.7443 0.7413 0.7383 0.7353 0.7324 0.7294 0.7265 0.7235 0.7206 0.7177 0.7148
7 0.7119 0.7091 0.7062 0.7033 0.7005 0.6977 0.6949 0.6921 0.6893 0.6865 0.6837 0.6809
8 0.6782 0.6755 0.6727 0.6700 0.6673 0.6646 0.6619 0.6593 0.6566 0.6539 0.6513 0.6487
9 0.6461 0.6435 0.6409 0.6383 0.6357 0.6331 0.6306 0.6280 0.6255 0.6230 0.6205 0.6179

10 0.6155 0.6130 0.6105 0.6080 0.6056 0.6031 0.6007 0.5983 0.5959 0.5934 0.5911 0.5887
11 0.5863 0.5839 0.5816 0.5792 0.5769 0.5746 0.5722 0.5699 0.5676 0.5653 0.5630 0.5608
12 0.5585 0.5563 0.5540 0.5518 0.5495 0.5473 0.5451 0.5429 0.5407 0.5385 0.5364 0.5342
13 0.5320 0.5299 0.5278 0.5256 0.5235 0.5214 0.5193 0.5172 0.5151 0.5130 0.5110 0.5089
14 0.5068 0.5048 0.5028 0.5007 0.4987 0.4967 0.4947 0.4927 0.4907 0.4887 0.4867 0.4848

15 0.4828 0.4809 0.4789 0.4770 0.4751 0.4732 0.4712 0.4693 0.4675 0.4656 0.4637 0.4618
16 0.4599 0.4581 0.4562 0.4544 0.4526 0.4507 0.4489 0.4471 0.4453 0.4435 0.4417 0.4399
17 0.4382 0.4364 0.4346 0.4329 0.4311 0.4294 0.4277 0.4259 0.4242 0.4225 0.4208 0.4191
18 0.4174 0.4157 0.4140 0.4124 0.4107 0.4090 0.4074 0.4057 0.4041 0.4025 0.4008 0.3992
19 0.3976 0.3960 0.3944 0.3928 0.3912 0.3897 0.3881 0.3865 0.3850 0.3834 0.3819 0.3803

20 0.3788 0.3773 0.3757 0.3742 0.3727 0.3712 0.3697 0.3682 0.3667 0.3652 0.3638 0.3623
21 0.3608 0.3594 0.3579 0.3565 0.3550 0.3536 0.3522 0.3508 0.3493 0.3479 0.3465 0.3451
22 0.3437 0.3423 0.3410 0.3396 0.3382 0.3369 0.3355 0.3341 0.3328 0.3314 0.3301 0.3288
23 0.3274 0.3261 0.3248 0.3235 0.3222 0.3209 0.3196 0.3183 0.3170 0.3157 0.3145 0.3132
24 0.3119 0.3107 0.3094 0.3082 0.3069 0.3057 0.3045 0.3032 0.3020 0.3008 0.2996 0.2984

25 0.2972 0.2960 0.2948 0.2936 0.2924 0.2912 0.2900 0.2889 0.2877 0.2865 0.2854 0.2842
26 0.2831 0.2819 0.2808 0.2797 0.2785 0.2774 0.2763 0.2752 0.2741 0.2730 0.2719 0.2708
27 0.2697 0.2686 0.2675 0.2664 0.2653 0.2643 0.2632 0.2621 0.2611 0.2600 0.2590 0.2579
28 0.2569 0.2558 0.2548 0.2538 0.2528 0.2517 0.2507 0.2497 0.2487 0.2477 0.2467 0.2457
29 0.2447 0.2437 0.2427 0.2418 0.2408 0.2398 0.2388 0.2379 0.2369 0.2360 0.2350 0.2341

Phosphorus-33 25.3 days
Weeks Days
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1.0000 0.9730 0.9467 0.9211 0.8962 0.8720 0.8484
1 0.8255 0.8032 0.7815 0.7603 0.7398 0.7198 0.7003
2 0.6814 0.6630 0.6451 0.6276 0.6107 0.5942 0.5781
3 0.5625 0.5473 0.5325 0.5181 0.5041 0.4905 0.4772
4 0.4643 0.4518 0.4396 0.4277 0.4161 0.4049 0.3939

5 0.3833 0.3729 0.3628 0.3530 0.3435 0.3342 0.3252
6 0.3164 0.3078 0.2995 0.2914 0.2835 0.2759 0.2684
7 0.2612 0.2541 0.2472 0.2406 0.2341 0.2277 0.2216
8 0.2156 0.2098 0.2041 0.1986 0.1932 0.1880 0.1829
9 0.1780 0.1731 0.1685 0.1639 0.1595 0.1552 0.1510

Iodine-125 60.2 days
Weeks Days
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1.0000 0.9886 0.9772 0.9661 0.9550 0.9441 0.9333
1 0.9226 0.9120 0.9016 0.8913 0.8811 0.8710 0.8610
2 0.8512 0.8414 0.8318 0.8223 0.8129 0.8036 0.7944
3 0.7853 0.7763 0.7674 0.7586 0.7499 0.7414 0.7329
4 0.7245 0.7162 0.7080 0.6999 0.6919 0.6840 0.6762

5 0.6684 0.6608 0.6532 0.6457 0.6383 0.6310 0.6238
6 0.6167 0.6096 0.6026 0.5957 0.5889 0.5822 0.5755
7 0.5689 0.5624 0.5560 0.5496 0.5433 0.5371 0.5310
8 0.5249 0.5189 0.5129 0.5071 0.5013 0.4955 0.4899
9 0.4843 0.4787 0.4732 0.4678 0.4625 0.4572 0.4519

10 0.4468 0.4417 0.4366 0.4316 0.4267 0.4218 0.4170
11 0.4122 0.4075 0.4028 0.3982 0.3936 0.3891 0.3847
12 0.3803 0.3759 0.3716 0.3674 0.3632 0.3590 0.3549
13 0.3508 0.3468 0.3429 0.3389 0.3351 0.3312 0.3274
14 0.3237 0.3200 0.3163 0.3127 0.3091 0.3056 0.3021

Sulfur-35 87.9 days
Weeks Days
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1.0000 0.9921 0.9844 0.9766 0.9689 0.9613 0.9538
1 0.9463 0.9389 0.9315 0.9242 0.9169 0.9097 0.9026
2 0.8955 0.8884 0.8815 0.8745 0.8677 0.8609 0.8541
3 0.8474 0.8407 0.8341 0.8276 0.8211 0.8146 0.8082
4 0.8019 0.7956 0.7893 0.7831 0.7770 0.7709 0.7648

5 0.7588 0.7529 0.7469 0.7411 0.7353 0.7295 0.7237
6 0.7181 0.7124 0.7068 0.7013 0.6958 0.6903 0.6849
7 0.6795 0.6742 0.6689 0.6636 0.6584 0.6532 0.6481
8 0.6430 0.6380 0.6329 0.6280 0.6230 0.6182 0.6133
9 0.6085 0.6037 0.5990 0.5943 0.5896 0.5850 0.5804

10 0.5758 0.5713 0.5668 0.5623 0.5579 0.5535 0.5492
11 0.5449 0.5406 0.5364 0.5321 0.5280 0.5238 0.5197
12 0.5156 0.5116 0.5075 0.5036 0.4996 0.4957 0.4918
13 0.4879 0.4841 0.4803 0.4765 0.4728 0.4691 0.4654
14 0.4617 0.4581 0.4545 0.4509 0.4474 0.4439 0.4404

APPENDIX F

Copy of UND's Radioactive Material License
(Information Only, Not to be Used for Ordering Material) APPENDIX G

Chapters 04.1 and 10 of the
North Dakota Radiological Health Rules